SS-31

SS-31, known clinically as elamipretide, is a small tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid essential to electron transport chain organization.

By stabilizing cardiolipin and cristae structure, it has been shown in cell and animal models to lower mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and support ATP production.

Human trials in mitochondrial disease and heart failure have reported improvements in cardiac and functional biomarkers, findings that continue to guide research into mitochondrial dysfunction across metabolic and age-related conditions.